Apple Os List

To use a keyboard shortcut, press and hold one or more modifier keys and then press the last key of the shortcut. For example, to use Command-C (copy), press and hold the Command key, then the C key, then release both keys. Mac menus and keyboards often use symbols for certain keys, including modifier keys:

• List Of Mac OS Versions, Names, Features, Release Date & Images - Tec…

On keyboards made for Windows PCs, use the Alt key instead of Option, and the Windows logo key instead of Command.

Some keys on some Apple keyboards have special symbols and functions, such as for display brightness , keyboard brightness , Mission Control, and more. If these functions aren't available on your keyboard, you might be able to reproduce some of them by creating your own keyboard shortcuts. To use these keys as F1, F2, F3, or other standard function keys, combine them with the Fn key.

Cut, copy, paste, and other common shortcuts

• Command-X: Cut the selected item and copy it to the Clipboard.
• Command-C: Copy the selected item to the Clipboard. This also works for files in the Finder.
• Command-V: Paste the contents of the Clipboard into the current document or app. This also works for files in the Finder.
• Command-Z: Undo the previous command. You can then press Shift-Command-Z to Redo, reversing the undo command. In some apps, you can undo and redo multiple commands.
• Command-A: Select All items.
• Command-F: Find items in a document or open a Find window.
• Command-G: Find Again: Find the next occurrence of the item previously found. To find the previous occurrence, press Shift-Command-G.
• Command-H: Hide the windows of the front app. To view the front app but hide all other apps, press Option-Command-H.
• Command-M: Minimize the front window to the Dock. To minimize all windows of the front app, press Option-Command-M.
• Command-O: Open the selected item, or open a dialog to select a file to open.
• Command-P: Print the current document.
• Command-S: Save the current document.
• Command-T: Open a new tab.
• Command-W: Close the front window. To close all windows of the app, press Option-Command-W.
• Option-Command-Esc: Force quit an app.
• Command–Space bar: Show or hide the Spotlight search field. To perform a Spotlight search from a Finder window, press Command–Option–Space bar. (If you use multiple input sources to type in different languages, these shortcuts change input sources instead of showing Spotlight. Learn how to change a conflicting keyboard shortcut.)
• Control–Command–Space bar: Show the Character Viewer, from which you can choose emoji and other symbols.
• Control-Command-F: Use the app in full screen, if supported by the app.
• Space bar: Use Quick Look to preview the selected item.
• Command-Tab: Switch to the next most recently used app among your open apps.
• Shift-Command-5: In macOS Mojave or later, take a screenshot or make a screen recording. Or use Shift-Command-3 or Shift-Command-4 for screenshots. Learn more about screenshots.
• Shift-Command-N: Create a new folder in the Finder.
• Command-Comma (,): Open preferences for the front app.

2 Macintosh computers. 2.1 Classic Mac OS. 2.2 Mac OS X / OS X / macOS. Apple Developer Documentation Browse the latest developer documentation, including tutorials, sample code, articles, and API reference. Prepare for the Future of macOS. In June 1978, Apple introduced Apple DOS 3.1, the first operating system for the Apple computers. 1984: Apple introduced System 1 in 1984. 1985: Apple introduced System 2 in 1985. 1986: Apple introduced System 3 in 1986. 1987: Apple introduced System 4 in 1987. 1988: Apple introduced System 6 in 1988. 1991: Apple introduced System 7 operating system on May 13, 1991.

The current Mac operating system is macOS, originally named 'Mac OS X' until 2012 and then 'OS X' until 2016. Developed between 1997 and 2001 after Apple's purchase of NeXT, Mac OS X brought an entirely new architecture based on NeXTSTEP, a Unix system, that eliminated many of the technical challenges that the classic Mac OS faced.

Sleep, log out, and shut down shortcuts

You might need to press and hold some of these shortcuts for slightly longer than other shortcuts. This helps you to avoid using them unintentionally.

• Power button: Press to turn on your Mac or wake it from sleep. Press and hold for 1.5 seconds to put your Mac to sleep.* Continue holding to force your Mac to turn off.
• Option–Command–Power button* or Option–Command–Media Eject : Put your Mac to sleep.
• Control–Shift–Power button* or Control–Shift–Media Eject : Put your displays to sleep.
• Control–Power button* or Control–Media Eject : Display a dialog asking whether you want to restart, sleep, or shut down.
• Control–Command–Power button:* Force your Mac to restart, without prompting to save any open and unsaved documents.
• Control–Command–Media Eject : Quit all apps, then restart your Mac. If any open documents have unsaved changes, you will be asked whether you want to save them.
• Control–Option–Command–Power button* or Control–Option–Command–Media Eject : Quit all apps, then shut down your Mac. If any open documents have unsaved changes, you will be asked whether you want to save them.
• Control-Command-Q: Immediately lock your screen.
• Shift-Command-Q: Log out of your macOS user account. You will be asked to confirm. To log out immediately without confirming, press Option-Shift-Command-Q.

* Does not apply to the Touch ID sensor.

Finder and system shortcuts

• Command-D: Duplicate the selected files.
• Command-E: Eject the selected disk or volume.
• Command-F: Start a Spotlight search in the Finder window.
• Command-I: Show the Get Info window for a selected file.
• Command-R: (1) When an alias is selected in the Finder: show the original file for the selected alias. (2) In some apps, such as Calendar or Safari, refresh or reload the page. (3) In Software Update preferences, check for software updates again.
• Shift-Command-C: Open the Computer window.
• Shift-Command-D: Open the desktop folder.
• Shift-Command-F: Open the Recents window, showing all of the files you viewed or changed recently.
• Shift-Command-G: Open a Go to Folder window.
• Shift-Command-H: Open the Home folder of the current macOS user account.
• Shift-Command-I: Open iCloud Drive.
• Shift-Command-K: Open the Network window.
• Option-Command-L: Open the Downloads folder.
• Shift-Command-N: Create a new folder.
• Shift-Command-O: Open the Documents folder.
• Shift-Command-P: Show or hide the Preview pane in Finder windows.
• Shift-Command-R: Open the AirDrop window.
• Shift-Command-T: Show or hide the tab bar in Finder windows.
• Control-Shift-Command-T: Add selected Finder item to the Dock (OS X Mavericks or later)
• Shift-Command-U: Open the Utilities folder.
• Option-Command-D: Show or hide the Dock.
• Control-Command-T: Add the selected item to the sidebar (OS X Mavericks or later).
• Option-Command-P: Hide or show the path bar in Finder windows.
• Option-Command-S: Hide or show the Sidebar in Finder windows.
• Command–Slash (/): Hide or show the status bar in Finder windows.
• Command-J: Show View Options.
• Command-K: Open the Connect to Server window.
• Control-Command-A: Make an alias of the selected item.
• Command-N: Open a new Finder window.
• Option-Command-N: Create a new Smart Folder.
• Command-T: Show or hide the tab bar when a single tab is open in the current Finder window.
• Option-Command-T: Show or hide the toolbar when a single tab is open in the current Finder window.
• Option-Command-V: Move the files in the Clipboard from their original location to the current location.
• Command-Y: Use Quick Look to preview the selected files.
• Option-Command-Y: View a Quick Look slideshow of the selected files.
• Command-1: View the items in the Finder window as icons.
• Command-2: View the items in a Finder window as a list.
• Command-3: View the items in a Finder window in columns.
• Command-4: View the items in a Finder window in a gallery.
• Command–Left Bracket ([): Go to the previous folder.
• Command–Right Bracket (]): Go to the next folder.
• Command–Up Arrow: Open the folder that contains the current folder.
• Command–Control–Up Arrow: Open the folder that contains the current folder in a new window.
• Command–Down Arrow: Open the selected item.
• Right Arrow: Open the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
• Left Arrow: Close the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
• Command-Delete: Move the selected item to the Trash.
• Shift-Command-Delete: Empty the Trash.
• Option-Shift-Command-Delete: Empty the Trash without confirmation dialog.
• Command–Brightness Down: Turn video mirroring on or off when your Mac is connected to more than one display.
• Option–Brightness Up: Open Displays preferences. This works with either Brightness key.
• Control–Brightness Up or Control–Brightness Down: Change the brightness of your external display, if supported by your display.
• Option–Shift–Brightness Up or Option–Shift–Brightness Down: Adjust the display brightness in smaller steps. Add the Control key to this shortcut to make the adjustment on your external display, if supported by your display.
• Option–Mission Control: Open Mission Control preferences.
• Command–Mission Control: Show the desktop.
• Control–Down Arrow: Show all windows of the front app.
• Option–Volume Up: Open Sound preferences. This works with any of the volume keys.
• Option–Shift–Volume Up or Option–Shift–Volume Down: Adjust the sound volume in smaller steps.
• Option–Keyboard Brightness Up: Open Keyboard preferences. This works with either Keyboard Brightness key.
• Option–Shift–Keyboard Brightness Up or Option–Shift–Keyboard Brightness Down: Adjust the keyboard brightness in smaller steps.
• Option key while double-clicking: Open the item in a separate window, then close the original window.
• Command key while double-clicking: Open a folder in a separate tab or window.
• Command key while dragging to another volume: Move the dragged item to the other volume, instead of copying it.
• Option key while dragging: Copy the dragged item. The pointer changes while you drag the item.
• Option-Command while dragging: Make an alias of the dragged item. The pointer changes while you drag the item.
• Option-click a disclosure triangle: Open all folders within the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
• Command-click a window title: See the folders that contain the current folder.
• Learn how to use Command or Shift to select multiple items in the Finder.
• Click the Go menu in the Finder menu bar to see shortcuts for opening many commonly used folders, such as Applications, Documents, Downloads, Utilities, and iCloud Drive.

Document shortcuts

The behavior of these shortcuts may vary with the app you're using.

• Command-B: Boldface the selected text, or turn boldfacing on or off.
• Command-I: Italicize the selected text, or turn italics on or off.
• Command-K: Add a web link.
• Command-U: Underline the selected text, or turn underlining on or off.
• Command-T: Show or hide the Fonts window.
• Command-D: Select the Desktop folder from within an Open dialog or Save dialog.
• Control-Command-D: Show or hide the definition of the selected word.
• Shift-Command-Colon (:): Display the Spelling and Grammar window.
• Command-Semicolon (;): Find misspelled words in the document.
• Option-Delete: Delete the word to the left of the insertion point.
• Control-H: Delete the character to the left of the insertion point. Or use Delete.
• Control-D: Delete the character to the right of the insertion point. Or use Fn-Delete.
• Fn-Delete: Forward delete on keyboards that don't have a Forward Delete key. Or use Control-D.
• Control-K: Delete the text between the insertion point and the end of the line or paragraph.
• Fn–Up Arrow: Page Up: Scroll up one page.
• Fn–Down Arrow: Page Down: Scroll down one page.
• Fn–Left Arrow: Home: Scroll to the beginning of a document.
• Fn–Right Arrow: End: Scroll to the end of a document.
• Command–Up Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the document.
• Command–Down Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the document.
• Command–Left Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the current line.
• Command–Right Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the current line.
• Option–Left Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word.
• Option–Right Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the next word.
• Shift–Command–Up Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the beginning of the document.
• Shift–Command–Down Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the end of the document.
• Shift–Command–Left Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the beginning of the current line.
• Shift–Command–Right Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the end of the current line.
• Shift–Up Arrow: Extend text selection to the nearest character at the same horizontal location on the line above.
• Shift–Down Arrow: Extend text selection to the nearest character at the same horizontal location on the line below.
• Shift–Left Arrow: Extend text selection one character to the left.
• Shift–Right Arrow: Extend text selection one character to the right.
• Option–Shift–Up Arrow: Extend text selection to the beginning of the current paragraph, then to the beginning of the following paragraph if pressed again.
• Option–Shift–Down Arrow: Extend text selection to the end of the current paragraph, then to the end of the following paragraph if pressed again.
• Option–Shift–Left Arrow: Extend text selection to the beginning of the current word, then to the beginning of the following word if pressed again.
• Option–Shift–Right Arrow: Extend text selection to the end of the current word, then to the end of the following word if pressed again.
• Control-A: Move to the beginning of the line or paragraph.
• Control-E: Move to the end of a line or paragraph.
• Control-F: Move one character forward.
• Control-B: Move one character backward.
• Control-L: Center the cursor or selection in the visible area.
• Control-P: Move up one line.
• Control-N: Move down one line.
• Control-O: Insert a new line after the insertion point.
• Control-T: Swap the character behind the insertion point with the character in front of the insertion point.
• Command–Left Curly Bracket ({): Left align.
• Command–Right Curly Bracket (}): Right align.
• Shift–Command–Vertical bar (|): Center align.
• Option-Command-F: Go to the search field.
• Option-Command-T: Show or hide a toolbar in the app.
• Option-Command-C: Copy Style: Copy the formatting settings of the selected item to the Clipboard.
• Option-Command-V: Paste Style: Apply the copied style to the selected item.
• Option-Shift-Command-V: Paste and Match Style: Apply the style of the surrounding content to the item pasted within that content.
• Option-Command-I: Show or hide the inspector window.
• Shift-Command-P: Page setup: Display a window for selecting document settings.
• Shift-Command-S: Display the Save As dialog, or duplicate the current document.
• Shift–Command–Minus sign (-): Decrease the size of the selected item.
• Shift–Command–Plus sign (+): Increase the size of the selected item. Command–Equal sign (=) performs the same function.
• Shift–Command–Question mark (?): Open the Help menu.

Other shortcuts

For more shortcuts, check the shortcut abbreviations shown in the menus of your apps. Every app can have its own shortcuts, and shortcuts that work in one app might not work in another.

• Apple Music shortcuts: Choose Help > Keyboard shortcuts from the menu bar in the Music app.
• Other shortcuts: Choose Apple menu > System Preferences, click Keyboard, then click Shortcuts.

Learn more

• Create your own shortcuts and resolve conflicts between shortcuts
• Change the behavior of the function keys or modifier keys

The OS X frameworks provide the interfaces you need to write software for Mac. Some of these frameworks contain simple sets of interfaces while others contain multiple subframeworks. Where applicable, the tables in this appendix list the key prefixes used by the classes, methods, functions, types, or constants of the framework. You should avoid using any of the specified prefixes in your own symbol names.

System Frameworks

Table A-1 describes the frameworks located in the /System/Library/Frameworks directory and lists the first version of OS X in which each became available.

Table A-1 System frameworks

Name	First available	Prefixes	Description
Accelerate.framework	10.3	cblas, vDSP, vv	Umbrella framework for vector-optimized operations. See Accelerate Framework.
Accounts.framework	10.8	AC	Provides access to user accounts stored in the Accounts database. See Accounts Framework Reference.
AddressBook.framework	10.2	AB, ABV	Provides access to the Address Book, which is a centralized database of user contact information. Apps that target OS X v10.11 or greater should use Contacts.framework.
AGL.framework	10.0	AGL, GL, glm, GLM, glu, GLU	Contains Carbon interfaces for OpenGL. See AGL Reference.
AppKit.framework	10.0	NS	Contains classes and methods for the Cocoa user-interface layer. In general, link to Cocoa.framework instead of this framework. See AppKit Framework Reference.
AppKitScripting.framework	10.0	N/A	Deprecated. Use AppKit.framework instead.
AppleScriptKit.framework	10.0	ASK	Contains interfaces for creating AppleScript plug-ins.
AppleScriptObjC.framework	10.6	NS	Contains Objective-C extensions for creating AppleScript plug-ins.
ApplicationServices.framework	10.0	AE, AX, ATSU, CG, CT, LS, PM, QD, UT	Umbrella framework for several app-level services. See Application Services Framework.
AudioToolbox.framework	10.0	AU, AUMIDI	Contains interfaces for getting audio stream data, routing audio signals through audio units, converting between audio formats, and playing back music. See Audio Toolbox Framework Reference.
AudioUnit.framework	10.0	AU	Contains interfaces for defining Core Audio plug-ins. See Audio Unit Framework Reference.
AudioVideoBridging.framework	10.8	AVB	Supports Audio Video Bridging (AVB) and implements the IEEE P1722.1 draft standard.
Automator.framework	10.4	AM	Umbrella framework for creating Automator plug-ins. See Automator Framework.
AVFoundation.framework	10.7	AV	Provides interfaces for playing, recording, inspecting, and editing audiovisual media. See AVFoundation Audio Functions.
AVKit.framework	10.9	AV	Provides API for media playback including user controls, chapter navigation, subtitles, and closed captioning. See AV Kit Framework Reference
CalendarStore.framework	10.5	Cal	Deprecated. Use Event Kit instead. See Event Kit.
Carbon.framework	10.0	HI, HR, ICA, ICD, Ink, Nav, OSA, PM, SFS,SR	Umbrella framework for Carbon-level services. See Carbon Framework.
CFNetwork.framework	10.3	CF	Contains interfaces for network communication using HTTP, sockets, and Bonjour. See CFNetwork Framework Reference.
CloudKit.framework	10.10	CK	Provides a conduit for moving data between your app and iCloud that can be used for all types of data. It also gives you control of when transfers occur. See CloudKit Quick Start or CloudKit Framework Reference.
Cocoa.framework	10.0	NS	Wrapper for including the Cocoa frameworks AppKit.framework, Foundation.framework, and CoreData.framework.
Collaboration.framework	10.5	CB	Contains interfaces for managing identity information. See Collaboration Framework Reference.
Contacts.framework	10.11	CN	Provides access to the Contacts store, which is a centralized database of user contact information. See Contacts Framework Reference.
CoreAudio.framework	10.0	Audio	Contains the hardware abstraction layer interface for manipulating audio. See Core Audio Framework Reference.
CoreBluetooth.framework	10.10	CB	Contains the classes used for communicating with Bluetooth Low Energy devices. See Core Bluetooth Framework Reference
CoreAudioKit.framework	10.4	AU	Contains Objective-C interfaces for audio unit custom views. See CoreAudioKit Framework Reference.
CoreData.framework	10.4	NS	Contains interfaces for managing your app's data model. See Core Data Framework Reference.
CoreFoundation.framework	10.0	CF	Provides fundamental software services, including abstractions for common data types, string utilities, collection utilities, plug-in support, resource management, preferences, and XML parsing. See Core Foundation Framework Reference.
CoreGraphics.framework	10.0	CG	Contains the Quartz interfaces for creating graphic content and rendering that content to the screen. See Core Graphics Framework Reference.
CoreImage.framework	10.4	CI	An image processing and analysis technology designed to provide near real-time processing for still and video images. See Core Image Programming Guide.
CoreLocation.framework	10.6	CL	Provides interfaces for determining the geographical location of a computer. See Core Location Framework Reference.
CoreMedia.framework	10.7	CM	Contains low-level interfaces for for managing and and playing audio-visual media in an app. See Core Media Framework Reference.
CoreMediaIO.framework	10.7	CMIO	Contains interfaces of the Device Abstraction Layer (DAL) used for creating plug-ins that can access media hardware.
CoreMIDI.framework	10.0	MIDI	Contains utilities for implementing MIDI client programs. See Core MIDI Framework Reference.
CoreMIDIServer.framework	10.0	MIDI	Deprecated in OS X v10.6. Use CoreMIDI.framework instead.
CoreServices.framework	10.0	CF, DCS, MD, SK, WS	Umbrella framework for system-level services. See Core Services Framework.
CoreText.framework	10.5	CT	Contains the interfaces for performing text layout and display. See Core Text Reference Collection.
CoreVideo.framework	10.5	CV	Contains interfaces for managing video-based content. See Core Video Framework Reference.
CoreWLAN.framework	10.6	CW	Contains interfaces for managing wireless networks. See CoreWLAN Framework Reference.
CryptoTokenKit.framework	10.10	TK	Contains interface for using smart cards. See CryptoTokenKit Framework Reference.
DirectoryService.framework	10.0	ds	Deprecated in OS X v10.6. Use OpenDirectory.framework instead.
DiscRecording.framework	10.2	DR	Contains interfaces for burning data to CDs and DVDs. See Disc Recording Framework Reference.
DiscRecordingUI.framework	10.2	DR	Contains the user interface layer for interacting with users during the burning of CDs and DVDs. See Disc Recording UI Framework Reference.
DiskArbitration.framework	10.4	DA	Contains interfaces for getting information related to local and remote volumes. See Disk Arbitration Framework Reference.
DrawSprocket.framework	10.0	DSp	Contains the game sprocket component for drawing content to the screen.
DVComponentGlue.framework	10.0	IDH	Contains interfaces for communicating with digital video devices, such as video cameras.
DVDPlayback.framework	10.3	DVD	Contains interfaces for embedding DVD playback features into your app. See DVD Playback Framework Reference.
EventKit.framework	10.8	EK	Provides an interface for accessing a user's calendar events and reminder items. See Event Kit Framework Reference.
ExceptionHandling.framework	10.0	NS	Contains exception-handling classes for Cocoa apps. See Exception Handling Framework Reference.
FinderSync.framework	Quality video editing software. 10.10	FI	Provides API for enhancing the Finder's user interface by adding badges, shortcut menu items, and toolbar buttons. See Finder Sync Framework Reference
ForceFeedback.framework	10.2	FF	Contains interfaces for communicating with force feedback–enabled devices. See Force Feedback Framework Reference.
Foundation.framework	10.0	NS	Contains the classes and methods for the Cocoa Foundation layer. If you are creating a Cocoa app, linking to the Cocoa framework is preferable. See Foundation Framework Reference.
FWAUserLib.framework	10.2	FWA	Contains interfaces for communicating with FireWire-based audio devices. See FWAUserLib.h Reference.
GameController.framework	10.9	GC	A collection of classes for discovering and interacting with connected game controllers. See Game Controller Programming Guide
GameKit.framework	10.8	GK	Provides APIs that allow your app to participate in Game Center. See Game Kit Framework Reference.
GLKit.framework	10.8	GLK	Provides functions and classes that reduce the effort required to create new shader-based apps or to port existing apps that rely on fixed-function vertex or fragment processing provided by earlier versions of OpenGL ES or OpenGL. See GLKit Framework Reference.
GLUT.framework	10.0	glut, GLUT	Contains interfaces for the OpenGL Utility Toolkit, which provides a platform-independent interface for managing windows.
GSS.framework	10.7 Sound analysis software mac.	gss	Contains interfaces for Generic Security Services Application Program Interface (GSSAPI).
Hypervisor.framework	10.10	hv	Allows virtualization vendors to build virtualization solutions on top of OS X without needing to deploy third-party kernel extensions (KEXTs). See Hypervisor Framework Reference.
ICADevices.framework	10.3	ICD	Contains low-level interfaces for communicating with digital devices such as scanners and cameras. See Carbon Framework.
ImageCaptureCore.framework	10.6	IC	Contains Objective-C interfaces for communicating with digital devices such as scanners and cameras.
ImageIO.framework	10.4	CGImage	Contains interfaces for importing and exporting image data.
IMServicePlugIn.framework	10.7	IM	Contains interfaces for building third-party plug-ins for Chat services. Umbrella framework for IMServicePlugInSupport.framework.
InputMethodKit.framework	10.5	IMK	Contains interfaces for developing new input methods, which are modules that handle text entry for complex languages. See Input Method Kit Framework Reference.
InstallerPlugins.framework	10.4	IFX	Contains interfaces for creating plug-ins that run during software installation sessions. See Installer JavaScript Reference.
InstantMessage.framework	10.4	FZ, IM	Deprecated in OS X v10.9. Do not use.
IOBluetooth.framework	10.2	IO	Contains interfaces for communicating with Bluetooth devices.
IOBluetoothUI.framework	10.2	IO	Contains the user interface layer for interacting with users manipulating Bluetooth devices.
IOKit.framework	10.0	IO, IOBSD, IOCF	Contains the main interfaces for creating user-space device drivers and for interacting with kernel-resident drivers from user space. See IOKitLib.h Reference.
IOSurface.framework	10.6	IO	Contains low-level interfaces for sharing graphics surfaces between apps. See IOSurface Framework Reference.
JavaFrameEmbedding.framework	10.5	N/A	Contains interfaces for embedding Java frames in Objective-C code.
JavaScriptCore.framework	10.5	JS	Contains the library and resources for executing JavaScript code within an HTML page. (Prior to OS X v10.5, this framework was part of WebKit.framework. See JavaScriptCore Framework Reference.
JavaVM.framework	10.0	JAWT, JDWP, JMM, JNI, JVMDI, JVMPI, JVMTI	Deprecated in OS X v10.7. Use Oracle Java instead.
Kerberos.framework	10.0	GSS, KL, KRB, KRB5	Contains interfaces for using the Kerberos network authentication protocol.
Kernel.framework	10.0	numerous	Contains the interfaces for kernel-extension development, including Mach, BSD, libkern, I/O Kit, and the various families built on top of I/O Kit. See Kernel Framework Reference.
LatentSemanticMapping.framework	10.5	LSM	Contains interfaces for classifying text based on latent semantic information. See Latent Semantic Mapping Reference.
LDAP.framework	10.0	N/A	Do not use.
LocalAuthentication.framework	10.10	LA	Contains API for requesting authentication from users using specified policies. See Local Authentication Framework Reference
MapKit.framework	10.9	MK	Provides classes and protocols for embedding maps into the windows and views of your apps. Includes support for annotations, overlays, and reverse-geocoding lookups. See Map Kit Framework Reference
MediaAccessibility.framework	10.9	MA	Provides API to access user preferences for captions that can accompany media, such as closed captioning. See Media Accessibility Framework Reference
MediaLibrary.framework	10.9	ML	Provides a read-only data model representing a user's collections of images, audio, and video. See Media Library Framework Reference
Message.framework	10.0	AS, MF, PO, POP, RSS, TOC, UR, URL	Contains Cocoa extensions for mail delivery.
Metal.framework	10.11	MTL	Provides GPU-accelerated 3D graphics rendering and> MetalKit.framework	10.11	MTK	Contains functions and classes that reduce the effort required to create a Metal application. See MetalKit Framework Reference and MetalKit Functions Reference.
ModelIO.framework	10.11	MDL	Provides classes that support import, export, and editing of 3D model assets and related resources. See ModelIO Framework Reference.
MultipeerConnectivity.framework	10.10	MC	Contains API for finding and communicating with services provided by nearby devices using infrastructure Wi-Fi networks, peer-to-peer Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth personal area networks. See Multipeer Connectivity Framework Reference.
NetFS.framework	10.6	NetFS	Contains interfaces for working with network file systems.
NetworkExtension.framework	10.11	NE, NW	Provides support for configuring and controlling Virtual Private Network (VPN) tunnels. See Network Extension Framework Reference.
NotificationCenter.framework	10.10	NC, NS	Contains the interfaces for creating and managing extensions in the Today view of the Notification Center. See Notification Center Framework Reference
OpenAL.framework	10.4	AL	Contains the interfaces for OpenAL, a cross-platform 3D audio delivery library.
OpenCL.framework	10.6	CL, cl	Contains the interfaces for distributing general-purpose computational tasks across the available GPUs and CPUs of a computer. See OpenCL Programming Guide for Mac.
OpenDirectory.framework	10.6	OD	Contains Objective-C interfaces for managing Open Directory information. See Open Directory Programming Guide.
OpenGL.framework	10.0	CGL, GL, glu, GLU	Contains the interfaces for OpenGL, which is a cross-platform 2D and 3D graphics rendering library. See OpenGL Programming Guide for Mac.
OSAKit.framework	10.4	OSA	Contains Objective-C interfaces for managing and executing OSA-compliant scripts from Cocoa apps.
PCSC.framework	10.0	MSC, Scard, SCARD	Contains interfaces for interacting with smart card devices.
PreferencePanes.framework	10.0	NS	Contains interfaces for implementing custom modules for the System Preferences app. See Preference Panes Framework Reference.
PubSub.framework	10.5	PS	Contains interfaces for subscribing to RSS and Atom feeds. See Publication Subscription Framework Reference.
QTKit.framework	10.4	QT	Deprecated in OS X v10.9. Use AVFoundation.framework instead.
Quartz.framework	10.4	GF, PDF, QC, QCP	Umbrella framework for Quartz services. See Quartz Framework.
QuartzCore.framework	10.4	CA,CI, CV	Contains the interfaces for Core Image, Core Animation, and Core Video. See Quartz Core Framework Reference.
QuickLook.framework	10.5	QL	Contains interfaces for generating thumbnail previews of documents. See Quick Look Framework Reference for Mac.
QuickTime.framework	10.0	N/A	Deprecated in OS X v10.9. Use AVFoundation.framework and AVKit.framework instead.
Ruby.framework	10.5	N/A	Contains interfaces for the Ruby scripting language.
SceneKit.framework	10.8	SCN	Provides a high-level, Objective-C API to efficiently load, manipulate, and render 3D scenes in an app. See SceneKit Framework Reference.
ScreenSaver.framework	10.0	N/A	Contains interfaces for writing screen savers. See Screen Saver Framework Reference.
Scripting.framework	10.0	NS	Deprecated. Use Foundation.framework instead.
ScriptingBridge.framework	10.5	SB	Contains interfaces for running scripts from Objective-C code. See Scripting Bridge Framework Reference.
Security.framework	10.0	CSSM, Sec	Contains interfaces for system-level user authentication and authorization. See Security Framework Reference.
SecurityFoundation.framework	10.3	Sec	Contains Cocoa interfaces for authorizing users. See Security Foundation Framework Reference.
SecurityInterface.framework	10.3	PSA, SF	Contains the user interface layer for authorizing users in Cocoa apps. See Security Interface Framework Reference.
ServiceManagement.framework	10.6	SM	Contains interfaces for loading, unloading and managing launchd services. See Service Management Framework Reference.
Social.framework	10.8	SL	Provides an API for sending requests to supported social networking services that can perform operations on behalf of users. See Social Framework Reference.
SpriteKit.framework	10.9	SK	Provides API for animating arbitrary textured images, or sprites. It includes sound playback, a physics engine, and a rendering loop. See SpriteKit Programming Guide
StoreKit.framework	10.7	SK	Supports requesting payment from a user to purchase additional functionality or content from the Mac App Store. See Store Kit Framework Reference.
SyncServices.framework	10.4	ISync	Deprecated in OS X v10.7. Use Contacts.framework or Calendar.framework instead.
System.framework	10.0	N/A	Do not use.
SystemConfiguration.framework	10.0	SC	Contains interfaces for accessing network configuration and reachability information. See System Configuration Framework Reference.
Tcl.framework	10.3	Tcl	Contains interfaces for accessing the system's Tcl interpreter from an app.
Tk.framework	10.4	Tk	Contains interfaces for accessing the system's Tk toolbox from an app.
TWAIN.framework	10.2	TW	Contains interfaces for accessing TWAIN-compliant image-scanning hardware.
vecLib.framework	10.0	N/A	Deprecated. Use Accelerate.framework instead. See Accelerate Framework.
VideoDecodeAcceleration.framework	10.7	VDA	Deprecated in OS X v10.11. Use VideoToolbox.framework instead.
VideoToolbox.framework	10.8	VT	Comprises the 64-bit replacement for the QuickTime Image Compression Manager.
WebKit.framework	10.2	DOM, Web	Umbrella framework for rendering HTML content. See WebKit Framework.
XgridFoundation.framework	10.4	XG	Deprecated in OS X v10.8. Contains interfaces for connecting to and managing computing cluster software.

OS X contains several umbrella frameworks for major areas of functionality. Umbrella frameworks group several related frameworks into a larger framework that can be included in your project. When writing software, link your project against the umbrella framework; do not try to link directly to any of its subframeworks. The following sections describe the contents of the umbrella frameworks in OS X.

Accelerate Framework

Table A-2 lists the subframeworks of the Accelerate framework (Accelerate.framework). If you are developing apps for earlier versions of OS X, vecLib.framework is available as a standalone framework.

Table A-2 Subframeworks of the Accelerate framework

Subframework	Description
vecLib.framework	Contains vector-optimized interfaces for performing math, big-number, and DSP calculations, among others.
vImage.framework	Contains vector-optimized interfaces for manipulating image data.

Application Services Framework

Table A-3 lists the subframeworks of the Application Services framework (ApplicationServices.framework) that are not links to top level frameworks. These frameworks provide C-based interfaces and are intended primarily for Carbon apps, although other programs can use them. The listed frameworks are available in all versions of OS X unless otherwise noted.

Table A-3 Subframeworks of the Application Services framework

Subframework	Description
ATS.framework	Deprecated in OS X v10.8. Use CoreText.framework instead.
ColorSync.framework	Contains interfaces for color matching using ColorSync.
HIServices.framework	Contains interfaces for accessibility, Internet Config, the pasteboard, the Process Manager, and the Translation Manager. Available in OS X v10.2 and later.
LangAnalysis.framework	Contains the Language Analysis Manager interfaces.
PrintCore.framework	Contains the Core Printing Manager interfaces.
QD.framework	Contains the QuickDraw interfaces.
SpeechSynthesis.framework	Contains the Speech Manager interfaces.

Automator Framework

Table A-4 lists the subframeworks of the Automator framework (Automator.framework).

Table A-4 Subframeworks of the Automator framework

Subframework	Description
MediaBrowser.framework	Contains private interfaces for managing Automator plug-ins.

Carbon Framework

Table A-5 lists the subframeworks of the Carbon framework (Carbon.framework). The listed frameworks are available in all versions of OS X unless otherwise noted.

Table A-5 Subframeworks of the Carbon framework

Subframework	Description
CarbonSound.framework	Deprecated in OS X v10.5. Use CoreAudio.framework instead.
CommonPanels.framework	Contains interfaces for displaying the Font window, Color window, and some network-related dialogs.
Help.framework	Contains interfaces for launching and searching Apple Help.
HIToolbox.framework	Deprecated in OS X v10.7. Use Cocoa.framework instead.
HTMLRendering.framework	Contains interfaces for rendering HTML content. The WebKit framework is the preferred framework for HTML rendering. See WebKit Framework.
ImageCapture.framework	Contains interfaces for capturing images from digital cameras. This framework works in conjunction with the Image Capture Devices framework (ICADevices.framework).
Ink.framework	Contains interfaces for managing pen-based input. (Ink events are defined with the Carbon Event Manager.)
NavigationServices.framework	Contains interfaces for displaying file navigation dialogs.
OpenScripting.framework	Contains interfaces for writing scripting components and interacting with those components to manipulate and execute scripts.
Print.framework	Contains the Carbon Printing Manager interfaces for displaying printing dialogs and extensions.
SecurityHI.framework	Deprecated in OS X v10.9. Use Security.framework instead.
SpeechRecognition.framework	Contains the Speech Recognition Manager interfaces.

Core Services Framework

Table A-6 lists the subframeworks of the Core Services framework (CoreServices.framework). These frameworks provide C-based interfaces and are intended primarily for Carbon apps, although other programs can use them. The listed frameworks are available in all versions of OS X unless otherwise noted.

Table A-6 Subframeworks of the Core Services framework

Subframework	Description
AE.framework	Contains interfaces for creating and manipulating Apple events and making apps scriptable.
CarbonCore.framework	Contains interfaces for many legacy Carbon Managers. Most of the APIs in this framework are deprecated in OS X v10.8 (for more information, see Carbon Core Deprecations).
DictionaryServices.framework	Provides dictionary lookup capabilities.
FSEvents.framework	Provides a mechanism to notify clients about directories to re-scan to keep internal data structures up-to-date with the true state of the file system.
LaunchServices.framework	Contains interfaces for launching apps.
Metadata.framework	Contains interfaces for managing Spotlight metadata.
OSServices.framework	Contains interfaces for Open Transport and many hardware-related legacy Carbon managers.
SearchKit.framework	Contains interfaces for the Search Kit.

Quartz Framework

Table A-7 lists the subframeworks of the Quartz framework (Quartz.framework).

Table A-7 Subframeworks of the Quartz framework

Subframework	Description
ImageKit.framework	Contains Objective-C interfaces for finding, browsing, and displaying images.
PDFKit.framework	Contains Objective-C interfaces for displaying and managing PDF content.
QuartzComposer.framework	Contains Objective-C interfaces for playing Quartz Composer compositions in an app.
QuartzFilters.framework	Contains Objective-C interfaces for managing and applying filter effects to a graphics context.
QuickLookUI.framework	Contains Objective-C interfaces for creating and managing a Quick Look preview panel, which is a UI object that displays preview items.

WebKit Framework

Table A-8 lists the subframeworks of the WebKit framework (WebKit.framework).

Table A-8 Subframeworks of the WebKit framework

Subframework	Description
WebCore.framework	Contains the library and resources for rendering HTML content in an HTMLView control.

Xcode Frameworks

Xcode and all of its supporting tools and libraries reside in a portable directory structure. This directory structure makes it possible to have multiple versions of Xcode installed on a single system or to have Xcode installed on a portable hard drive that you plug in to your computer when you need to do development. This portability means that the frameworks required by the developer tools are installed in the /Library/Frameworks directory, where is the path to the Xcode installation directory. Table A-9 lists the frameworks that are located in this directory.

Table A-9 Xcode frameworks

Framework	First available	Prefixes	Description
XCTest.framework	Xcode 5	XC	Interfaces for implementing unit tests in Objective-C.

System Libraries

Some specialty libraries at the BSD level are not packaged as frameworks. Instead, OS X includes many dynamic libraries in the /usr/lib directory and its subdirectories. Dynamic shared libraries are identified by their .dylib extension. Header files for the libraries are located in the /usr/include directory.

OS X uses symbolic links to point to the most current version of most libraries. When linking to a dynamic shared library, use the symbolic link instead of a link to a specific version of the library. Library versions may change in future versions of OS X. If your software is linked to a specific version, that version might not always be available on the user's system.

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